Module 1: Introduction to SQL

• What is SQL and its importance
• History and features of SQL
• Types of SQL: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL
• Relational Database concepts
• Database management systems (RDBMS overview)
• SQL syntax and conventions

Module 2: Database Basics

• Databases, tables, rows, and columns
• Data types in SQL
• Primary key, foreign key, unique key, and constraints
• NULL values and default values
• Creating, altering, and dropping databases

Module 3: Basic SQL Commands

DDL (Data Definition Language)

• CREATE TABLE
• ALTER TABLE
• DROP TABLE
• TRUNCATE TABLE

DML (Data Manipulation Language)

• INSERT INTO
• UPDATE
• DELETE
• SELECT basic queries

Module 4: Filtering & Sorting Data

• WHERE clause
• Operators: =, <>, >, <, >=, <=, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE
• ORDER BY clause (ascending & descending)
• DISTINCT keyword

Module 5: Advanced SELECT Queries

• Aggregate functions: COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN
• GROUP BY clause
• HAVING clause
• Aliases (AS keyword)
• Subqueries (Nested queries)
• EXISTS and NOT EXISTS

Module 6: Joins in SQL

• Introduction to joins
• INNER JOIN
• LEFT JOIN / LEFT OUTER JOIN
• RIGHT JOIN / RIGHT OUTER JOIN
• FULL OUTER JOIN
• SELF JOIN
• CROSS JOIN
• Using JOINs in practical queries

Module 7: Set Operations

• UNION, UNION ALL
• INTERSECT
• EXCEPT / MINUS

Module 8: Views, Indexes & Sequences

• Creating and managing views
• Advantages of using views
• Creating indexes
• Using sequences for auto-increment

Module 9: Constraints & Keys

• Primary key
• Foreign key
• Unique key
• Not NULL constraint
• Check constraint
• Default constraint

Module 10: Functions in SQL

• String functions: CONCAT, LENGTH, SUBSTRING, UPPER, LOWER, TRIM
• Numeric functions: ROUND, CEIL, FLOOR, MOD
• Date & time functions: NOW, CURDATE, DATEDIFF, DATEADD
• Conversion functions: CAST, CONVERT

Module 11: Transactions & ACID Properties

• What are transactions?
• COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT
• ACID properties of transactions
• Transaction control commands (TCL)

Module 12: Stored Procedures & Triggers

• Introduction to stored procedures
• Creating and executing stored procedures
• Parameters in procedures
• Introduction to triggers
• Creating triggers for INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

Module 13: Cursors & Error Handling

• What are cursors?
• Cursor declaration & usage
• Cursor types: FORWARD_ONLY, SCROLL, STATIC, DYNAMIC
• Error handling using TRY...CATCH

Module 14: SQL Performance & Optimization

• Indexing for faster queries
• Optimizing SELECT queries
• Analyzing execution plans
• Using EXPLAIN command

Module 15: Practical Exercises

• Create a database for a school, company, or library
• Write queries for data retrieval & analysis
• Join multiple tables to generate reports
• Use aggregate functions for summary reports
• Implement constraints & triggers
• Create stored procedures for recurring tasks

Module 16: Projects

• Employee Management System
• Inventory Management System
• Banking System Database
• Student Information System
• Sales & Purchase Analysis Database